Irregular Verbs (불규칙 동사)

Korean textbooks typically cover seven major types of irregular verbs. While other types, such as the ‘우/오’ or ‘러’ irregulars, do exist, they occur so infrequently in daily usage that I don’t generally recommend prioritizing them.

According to research, there is an optimal order for introducing irregular verbs to beginners. Below, I’ve outlined that sequence along with the frequency of irregular predicates found in textbooks to help guide your studies.

Recommended Learning Order for Beginners
  1. ‘ㅡ’ Dropping Irregulars
  2. ‘ㅂ’ Dropping Irregulars
  3. ‘ㄹ’ Doubling Irregulars / ‘ㄹ’ Dropping Irregulars / ‘ㄷ’ Changing Irregulars
  4. ‘ㅅ’ Dropping Irregulars
  5. ‘ㅎ’ Dropping Irregulars
Frequency Analysis of Irregular Verbs in Textbooks
  1. ‘ㄹ’ Dropping Irregulars (401,186)
  2. ‘ㄹ’ Doubling Irregulars (149,746)
  3. ‘ㅡ’ Dropping Irregulars (135,378)
  4. ‘ㅎ’ Dropping Irregulars (109,350)
  5. ‘ㅂ’ Dropping Irregulars (100,746)
  6. ‘ㄷ’ Changing Irregulars (32,612)
  7. ‘ㅅ’ Dropping Irregulars (19,066)
  8. ‘러’ Irregulars (14,758)
  9. ‘우/오’ Irregulars (0)

‘ㅡ’ Dropping Irregulars

When the verb stem ends with the vowel ‘ㅡ’ and meets a verb ending that starts with a vowel, the vowel ‘ㅡ’ drops.

Chemical equation representing the combination of two compounds to form a new compound

When there is the binding ending ‘-으-‘ coming after the verb stem, the ending ‘-으-‘ drops.

Korean characters showing the combination of syllables and variations with circular accents.
동사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
아프다
sick
아파요아픕니다아팠어요아플 거예요아파서아프면아프고
예쁘다
pretty
예뻐요예쁩니다예뻤어요예쁠 거예요예뻐서예쁘면예쁘고
바쁘다
busy
바빠요바쁩니다바빴어요바쁠 거예요바빠서바쁘면바쁘고
슬프다
sad
슬퍼요슬픕니다슬펐어요슬플 거예요슬퍼서슬프면슬프고
기쁘다
happy
기뻐요기쁩니다기뻤어요기쁠 거예요기뻐서기쁘면기쁘고
나쁘다
bad
나빠요나쁩니다나빴어요나쁠 거예요나빠서나쁘면나쁘고
크다
big
커요큽니다컸어요클 거예요커서크면크고
배고프다
hungry
배고파요배고픕니다배고팠어요배고플 거예요배고파서배고프면배고프고
쓰다
to write
to use
bitter
써요씁니다썼어요쓸 거예요써서쓰면쓰고
끄다
to turn off
꺼요끕니다껐어요끌 거예요꺼서끄면끄고
잠그다
to lock
잠가요잠급니다잠갔어요잠글 거예요잠가서잠그면잠그고
모으다
to collect; gather
모아야모읍니다모았어요모을 거예요모아서모으면모으고
치르다
to experience, to pay
치러야치릅니다치렀어요치를 거예요치러서치르면치르고

‘ㅂ’ Dropping Irregulars

When the verb stem ends with the consonant ‘ㅂ’ and a vowel comes after the stem, ‘ㅂ’ drops and then ‘우’ is added.

Mathematical equation featuring symbols and variables, including a combination of operations and notations.

When there is the binding ending ‘-으-‘ coming after the stem, the ending ‘-으-‘ drops.

The points of contact where the sound /우/ and /으/ occur are duplicated while these two vowels have only one distinction: /우/ is rounded while /으/ is unrounded.

Illustration of Korean characters with annotations, showing the combination of elements to form words.
동사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
춥다
cold
추워요춥습니다추웠어요추울 거예요추워서추우면춥고
덥다
hot
더워요덥습니다더웠어요더울 거예요더워서더우면덥고
아름답다
beautiful
아름다워요아름답습니다아름다웠어요아름다울 거예요아름다워서아름다우면아름답고
무겁다
heavy
무거워요무겁습니다무거웠어요무거울 거예요무거워서무거우면무겁고
가볍다
light
가벼워요가볍습니다가벼웠어요가벼울 거예요가벼워서가벼우면가볍고
어렵다
difficult
어려워요어렵습니다어려웠어요어려울 거예요어려워서어려우면어렵고
쉽다
easy
쉬워요쉽습니다쉬웠어요쉬울 거예요쉬워서쉬우면쉽고
가깝다
close
가까워요가깝습니다가까웠어요가까울 거예요가까워서가까우면가깝고
무섭다
scary
무서워요무섭습니다무서웠어요무서울 거예요무서워서무서우면무섭고
맵다
spicy
매워요맵습니다매웠어요매울 거예요매워서매우면맵고
귀엽다
cute
귀여워요귀엽습니다귀여웠어요귀여울 거예요귀여워서귀여우면귀엽고
눕다
to lie
누워요눕습니다누웠어요누울 거예요누워서누우면눕고
돕다
to help
도와요돕습니다도왔어요도울 거예요도와서도우면돕고
즐겁다
enjoyable
즐거워요즐겁습니다즐거웠어요즐거울 거예요즐거워서즐거우면즐겁고
새롭다
fresh, new
새로워요새롭습니다새로웠어요새로울 거예요새로워서새로우면새롭고
부끄럽다
shy
부끄러워요부끄럽습니다부끄러웠어요부끄러울 거예요부끄러워서부끄러우면부끄럽고
줍다
to pick up
주워요줍습니다주웠어요주울 거예요주워서주우면줍고
미끄럽다
slippery
미끄러워요미끄럽습니다미끄러웠어요미끄러울 거예요미끄러워서미끄러우면미끄럽고

‘ㄹ’ Doubling Irregulars

When the verb stem that ends with ‘르’ and a vowel comes after the stem, ‘ㅡ’ drops and another ‘ㄹ’ is added to the stem.

Mathematical equation with variables and operations, including square roots and addition

When there is the binding ending ‘-으-‘ coming after the stem, the ending ‘-으-‘ drops.

A mathematical equation written in Hangul, illustrating the addition of two components to create a final expression.
동사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
다르다
different
달라요다릅니다달랐어요다를 거예요달라서다르면다르고
빠르다
fast
빨라요빠릅니다빨랐어요빠를 거예요빨라서빠르면빠르고
모르다
not to know
몰라요모릅니다몰랐어요모를 거예요몰라서모르면모르고
부르다
to call
불러요부릅니다불렀어요부를 거예요불러서부르면부르고
자르다
to cut
잘라요자릅니다잘랐어요자를 거예요잘라서자르면자르고
바르다
to apply (lotion)
발라요바릅니다발랐어요바를 거예요발라서바르면바르고
누르다
to push (button)
눌러요누릅니다눌렀어요누를 거예요눌러서누르면누르고
오르다
to rise;
to go up
올라요오릅니다올랐어요오를 거예요올라서오르면오르고
고르다
to choose
골라요고릅니다골랐어요고를 거예요골라서고르면고르고
게으르다
lazy
게을러요게으릅니다게을렀어요게으를 거예요게을러서게으르면게으르고
무르다
soft
to return
물러요무릅니다물렀어요무를 거예요물러서무르면무르고
불사르다
to burn out
불살라요불사릅니다불살랐어요불사를 거예요불살라서불사르면불사르고
서투르다
clumsy, unskilled
서툴러요서투릅니다서툴렀어요서툴 거예요서툴러서서투르면
(=서툴면)
서투르고
(=서툴고)
이르다
early, to tell, to arrive
일러요이릅니다일렀어요이를 거예요일러서이르면이르고
조르다
to beg,
to tighten
졸라요조릅니다졸랐어요조를 거예요졸라서조르면조르고
지르다
to yell
질러요지릅니다질렀어요지를 거예요질러서지르면지르고
가르다
to divide
갈라요가릅니다갈랐어요가를 거예요갈라서가르면가르고
나르다
to carry
날라요나릅니다날랐어요나를 거예요날라서나르면나르고
들르다
to stop by
들러요들릅니다들렀어요들를 거예요들러서들르면들르고
마르다
to dry up
말라요마릅니다말랐어요마를 거예요말라서마르면마르고

‘ㄹ’ Dropping Irregulars

When the verb stem with ‘ㄹ’ in the end comes before endings that start with ‘ㄴ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㄹ’, the last consonant (batchim) ‘ㄹ’ drops.

An illustration of Korean text with symbols, featuring the word '힘들다' and other variations.

When endings that have the binding ending ‘-으-‘ is attached to the stem, the ending ‘-으-‘ drops.

Korean text featuring various symbols and characters, including the word '만드' and additional annotations.

When ‘-(으)러’ or ‘-(으)면’ is attached to the stem, ‘ㄹ’ does not drop itself. Only binding ending ‘-으-‘ drops.

Text in Korean discussing combination of words or expressions with grammatical symbols.
동사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
길다
long
길어요깁니다길었어요길 거예요길어서길면길고
달다
sweet
달아요답니다달았어요달 거예요달아서달면달고
멀다
far
멀어요멉니다멀었어요멀 거예요멀어서멀면멀고
힘들다
tough
힘들어요힘듭니다힘들었어요힘들 거예요힘들어서힘들면힘들고
만들다
to make
만들어요만듭니다만들었어요만들 거예요만들어서만들면만들고
울다
to cry
울어요웁니다울었어요울 거예요울어서울면울고
살다
to live
살아요삽니다살았어요살 거예요살아서살면살고
알다
to know
알아요압니다알았어요알 거예요알아서알면알고
열다
to open
열어요엽니다열었어요열 거예요열어서열면열고
팔다
to sell
팔아요팝니다팔았어요팔 거예요팔아서팔면팔고
들다
to enter,
to lift
들어요듭니다들었어요들 거예요들어서들면들고
날다
to fly
날아요납니다날았어요날 거예요날아서날면날고
물다
to bite
물어요뭅니다물었어요물 거예요물어서물면물고
풀다
to solve;
to undo
풀어요풉니다풀었어요풀 거예요풀어서풀면풀고
벌다
to earn (money); to save (time)
벌어요법니다벌었어요벌 거예요벌어서벌면벌고
가늘다
thin
가늘어요가늡니다가늘었어요가늘 거예요가늘어서가늘면가늘고
말다
not to do, to stop
말아요맙니다말았어요말 거예요말아서말면말고
밀다
to push
밀어요밉니다밀었어요밀 거예요밀어서밀면밀고
불다
to blow
불어요붑니다불었어요불 거예요불어서불면불고
졸다
to nod, to doze off
졸아요좁니다졸았어요졸 거예요졸아서졸면졸고
절다
to limp
절어요접니다절었어요절 거예요절어서절면절고

‘ㄷ’ Changing Irregulars (ㄷ to ㄹ)

Irregulars

When the verb stem that ends with consonant ‘ㄷ’ and a vowel comes after the stem, it drops ‘ㄷ’ and then ‘ㄹ’ is added.

Mathematical equation involving fractions, powers, and a square root.
사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
듣다
to listen
들어요듣습니다들었어요들을 거예요들어서들으면듣고
걷다
to walk
걸어요걷습니다걸었어요걸을 거예요걸어서걸으면걷고
묻다
to ask
물어요묻습니다물었어요물을 거예요물어서물으면묻고
깨닫다
to realize
깨달아요깨닫습니다깨달았어요깨달을 거예요깨달아서깨달으면깨닫고
싣다
to road
실어요싣습니다실었어요실을 거예요실어서실으면싣고
Regulars

Please be aware of that there are many regular verbs whose stems end with consonant ‘ㄷ.’

동사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
받다
to receive
받아요받습니다받았어요받을 거예요받아서받으면받고
닫다
to close
닫아요닫습니다닫았어요닫을 거예요닫아서닫으면닫고
믿다
to trust
믿어요믿습니다믿었어요믿을 거예요믿어서믿으면믿고
묻다
to bury
묻어요묻습니다묻었어요묻을 거예요묻어서묻으면묻고
굳다
harden
굳어요굳습니다굳었어요굳을 거예요굳어서굳으면굳고
돋다
to rise
돋아요돋습니다돋았어요돋을 거예요돋아서돋으면돋고
쏟다
to spill
쏟아요쏟습니다쏟았어요쏟을 거예요쏟아서쏟으면쏟고
얻다
to get, to obtain
얻어요얻습니다얻었어요얻을 거예요얻어서얻으면얻고

‘ㅅ’ Dropping Irregulars

Irregulars

When a stem that ends with the consonant ‘ㅅ’ (batchim) and a vowel comes after the stem, the batchim ‘ㅅ’ drops.

Mathematical expression showing the combination of Korean characters '나-' and '아요' resulting in '나아요'.
동사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
낫다
to recover
to be better
나아요낫습니다나았어요나을 거예요나아서나으면낫고
짓다
to creat;
to build
지어요짓습니다지었어요지을 거예요지어서지으면짓고
잇다
to connect
이어요잇습니다이었어요이을 거에요이어서이으면잇고
긋다
to draw
그어요긋습니다그었어요그을 거예요그어서그으면긋고
붓다
to pour, to swell
부어요붓습니다부었어요부을 거예요부어서부으면붓고
젓다
to stir
저어요젓습니다저었어요저을 거예요저어서저으면젓고
Regulars

There also are many regular verbs whose stems end with consonant ‘ㅅ.’

동사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
웃다
to laugh
웃어요웃습니다웃었어요웃을 거예요웃어서웃으면웃고
벗다
to take off
벗어요벗습니다벗었어요벗을 거예요벗어서벗으면벗고
씻다
to wash
씻어요씻습니다씻었어요씻을 거예요씻어서씻으면씻고
빗다
to brush, to comb
빗어요빗습니다빗었어요빗을 거예요빗어서빗으면빗고
빼앗다
to take away
빼앗아요빼앗습니다빼앗았어요빼앗을 거예요빼앗아서빼앗으면빼앗고
솟다
to soar, to rise
솟아요솟습니다솟았어요솟을 거예요솟아서솟으면솟고

‘ㅎ’ Dropping Irregulars

Irregulars

When the verb stem that ends with the consonant ‘ㅎ’ (batchim) and a vowel comes after the stem, the batchim ‘ㅎ’ drops while vowel ‘ㅏ’ or ‘ㅓ’ changed into ‘ㅐ.’

Korean language lesson on syllable formation with examples, displaying how two syllables combine to form new ones.

When the stem has vowel ‘ㅑ’ or ‘ㅕ’ with the same environment, the vowels are changed into ‘ㅒ.’

Chemical equation illustrating the combination of two molecular structures to form a new compound.
Korean grammar illustration showing the combination of suffixes with examples.
동사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
어떻다
how
어때요어떻습니다어땠어요어떨 거예요어때서어떠면어떻고
그렇다
as such
그래요그렇습니다그랬어요그럴 거예요그래서그러면그렇고
이렇다
as such
이래요이렇습니다이랬어요이럴 거예요이래서이러면이렇고
저렇다
as such
저래요저렇습니다저랬어요저럴 거예요저래서저러면저렇고
까맣다
black
까매요까맣습니다까맸어요까말 거예요까매서까마면까맣고
노랗다
yellow
노래요노랗습니다노랬어요노랄 거예요노래서노라면노랗고
빨갛다
red
빨개요빨갛습니다빨갰어요빨갈 거예요빨개서빨가면빨갛고
파랗다
blue
파래요파랗습니다파랬어요파랄 거예요파래서파라면파랗고
하얗다
white
하얘요하얗습니다하얬어요하얄 거예요하얘서하야면하얗고
Regulars

There also are many regular verbs whose stems end with consonant ‘ㅎ.’

동사 & 형용사-아/어요-ㅂ/습니다-았/었어요-ㄹ/을 거예요-아/어서-(으)면-고
낳다
to give a birth
낳아요낳습니다낳았어요낳을 거예요낳아서낳으면낳고
빻다
to crush, to grind
빻아요빻습니다빻았어요빻을 거예요빻아서빻으면빻고
놓다
to put
놓아요놓습니다놓았어요놓을 거예요놓아서놓으면놓고
좋다
to be good
좋아요좋습니다좋았어요좋을 거예요좋아서좋으면좋고
Reference
  • 백경미(2019), 한국어 용언 활용 규칙의 교재 기술 방안 연구, 영주어문학회 42, 5-32.
  • 이혜영, 이임경(2013), 한국어 교육을 위한 불규칙 용언의 위계화 연구.
  • 조남민(2002), 한국어 교육용 교재에 나타난 불규칙 용언에 관한 분석, 301-302.
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